Spenden werden dankend entgegengenommen via PayPal ("maike@kleio.org").
Donations are gratefully accepted via PayPal ("maike@kleio.org").
"He [Ludwig XV.] was hard-working, conscientious, tolerant and kind. He cared about the welfare of the state but also about the comfort of the people, so that his was an era of unprecedented prosperity. Almost uniquely, he preserved France from invasion. He understood and patronized the arts, and commissioned buildings ... which remind us that perfection is within reach. ... Then, at last, he broke the power of a selfish, reactionary elite so that the burden of taxation no longer rested exclusively on the shoulders of the poor. Why, then, is there not a long shelf of books about this wise and attractive monarch? One reason, which will probably surprise no modern statesman, was that he cared nothing about publicity: let people attack him as they might, he paid no attention and condescended to answer. As a result, by the seventeen sixties disappointed factions at court were financing a flood of scurrilous pamphlets in which the King was pictured as a worn-out debauchee ruled by the whims of his mistress ... [zur Zeit der Revolution] a whole new wave of pamphlets was written to attack the memory of Louis XV, and these often took the form of fake memoirs in which the public was offered the picture of a selfish, lazy rake. ... It is not so very difficult to separate the fake letters from the real, the phony memoirs from the authentic. Then, too there is an abundance of material on which the cautious author can lean: Louis XV was a great letter writer, several of his courtiers and ministers recorded everything they saw, and, of course, all his state papers are intact. Thus, the very bulk of his correspondence, the care with which he annotated the registers of court and government expenditure are enough to dispel, once and for all, the myth of the King's laziness. We know, too, just how well the economy did during his reign, how stable the currency remained. ... The concerned observer can, therefore, find out just what happened from 1715 to 1774 and even, to a considerable extent, just how the King himself felt about the persons and events of his reign. A good biographer must, of course, remain unbiased, but it is possible to be fair and yet react to the personality which emerges from the words of contemporary witnesses and documents. When we discover a gifted, honorable and compassionate man who, after a long struggle with his feelings of inferiority, became one of the greatest statesman of the ancien régime, then it is only natural to feel affection and respect. Historical truth must be unearthed if we want to understand our own day ... It is the purpose of Louis the Beloved to show that monarch, at last, for the man he really was." (in: Olivier Bernier: Louis The Loved - The Life of Louis XV, London 1984, pp. ix-xi)
Lesetipp: Olivier Bernier: Louis The Loved - The Life of Louis XV. London 1984.
Ludwig XV. war das dritte Kind und der dritte Sohn von Ludwig von Burgund/Bourgogne (1682-1712) und seiner Gattin Maria Adelaide von Savoyen (1685-1712). Er erblickte das Licht der Welt am 15. Februar 1710 und starb am 10. Mai 1774 an den Pocken. Nach dem frühen Tod seiner Eltern im Jahr 1712 wurde seine Gouvernante Charlotte Madeleine de La Mothe-Houdancourt (1654-1744), die Herzogin von Ventadour, seine Ersatzmutter. "At the age of seven he was taken, crying dreadfully, away from her and handed over to a governor. He then retired into a world of his own, concealing all his thoughts and feelings from those around him, and nobody ever knew much about them for the rest of his life. He was an intensely secret man." (in: Nancy Mitford: Madame de Pompadour, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1995, p. 2).
Ludwig XV. "was a handsome child, we are told (and his portraits confirm it), with delicate features, dark hair, big black eyes, and a perfect complexion. All who saw him admired him and said so: more than a little boy, he was a kind of icon whom people came to worship, and, though uneasily aware of it, he behaved with preternatural dignity. At least he still had his governess, the duchesse de Ventadour. Only a year earlier [im Jahr 1714] she had nursed him through the illness which had killed his parents and elder brother, and ever since then the child called her 'Maman.' In fact, the name was appropriate: Mme de Ventadour had given the little duc de Bretagne, as he was then called, his life just as surely as if she had borne him in her womb. Although the deadly illness which afflicted the entire family was nothing more than measles, the deplorable medical practices of the times, an alternation of bleeding and purges, had so weakened the three other patients as literally to kill them. Mme de Ventadour, who understood what was happening, realized that the only way to save the child was to hide him from the doctors, so she actually kidnapped him taking him to a remote room within the palace of Versailles and nursing him until he recovered. Now [im Jahr 1715], still in charge, she saw to it that her ward ate the right food, wore the right clothes, rested and exercised. More important still, she gave him the affection he craved. Unfortunately, as everyone except the child knew, it was not to last: in February 1717, when the King turned seven, the Governess must be replaced by a Governor. Of all the King's entourage, there was only one person whose daily presence would remain constant, the child's only living relative, the duc d'Orléans." (in: Olivier Bernier: Louis the beloved – The Life of Louis XV, id. pp. 9-10).
"All through his late teens and early twenties, he continued to be agonizingly shy while being forced to cope with people he knew little or not at all. It was no wonder he was often described as cold and haughty, or simply blank. Like most shy people, he froze when faced with strangers, and so instead of saying just the right few words to every person presented to him ... he simply stared in silence. ... a few intimates began to realize that the King had two radically different personalities, one distant and majestic, the other warm, lively and friendly. ... [Im Jahr 1732] the lawyer Barbier, who through his clients, had connections with the Court, decided to find out more about his sovereign. The results of his inquiries quite surprised him. 'The King's personality is not known among the public,' he wrote in August 1732. 'The professional Jansenists [naturally at odds with the government] describe him as a young man unable to talk or listen. They are very much mistaken. I have informed myself, in confidence, from people who are close to him. The King is kind, has an excellent memory, knows mathematics perfectly and reasons well ... and he also tells stories better than anyone; but, for that, he must be among his private circle. ... The King is very shy and does not like to be on show. ... if once he gets over his shyness, we can expect the best from the King's many gifts.'" (in: Olivier Bernier: Louis the beloved – The Life of Louis XV, id., pp. 70-71).
Gegen Ende des Jahres 1721 beschlossen Spanien und Frankreich, Frieden zu schließen, und sie wollten diesen Frieden mit einer Doppelhochzeit festigen. Der spanische Thronfolger Ludwig I. (1707-1724), der ältere Halbbruder von Maria Anna Viktoria, hatte die französische Prinzessin Louise Elisabeth d'Orléans (1709-1742) zu ehelichen, und der elfjährige französische König Ludwig XV. sollte sich mit der spanischen Prinzessin Maria Anna Viktoria, die am 2. März 1722, kurz vor ihrem vierten Geburtstag, in Paris eintraf, wenn sie das Alter zum Geschlechtsverkehr aufwies, vermählen.
Im März 1725, nachdem Maria Anna Viktoria drei Jahre lang am französischen Hof gelebt hatte, entschied man sich dort, dass der französische König Ludwig XV. eine andere Frau heiraten sollte. So wurde Maria Anna Viktoria zurück zu ihren Eltern nach Spanien geschickt. Wie alle Prinzessinnen in solch einer Situation litt die kleine spanische Prinzessin sehr unter dieser Zurückweisung. Am 19. Januar 1729 heiratete sie schließlich den zukünftigen portugiesischen König Joseph I. (1714-1777), dem sie vier Töchter schenkte, u. a. die nächste Königin von Portugal, ihre erste Tochter Maria (1734-1816).
Letztendlich heiratete Ludwig XV., der als außergewöhnlich gutaussehender Mann beschrieben wurde, dem die Frauenherzen nur so zuflogen, am 5. September 1725 die jüngere Tochter des ehemaligen polnischen Königs Stanislaus Leszczynski (1677-1766), Maria oder Marie (1703-1768), die fast sieben Jahren älter als er war. Sie schenkte ihm folgende zehn Kinder: 1. und 2. die Zwillinge Louise Elisabeth (1727-1759) und Anne Henriette (1727-1752); 3. die Tochter Marie-Louise (1728-1733); 4. den Sohn Ludwig Ferdinand (oder Louis Ferdinand) (1729-1765); 5. den Sohn Philippe (1730-1733); 6. die Tochter Marie Adelaide (1732-1800); 7. die Tochter Victoire Louise Marie Thérèse (1733-1799); 8. die Tochter Sophie Philippine Elisabeth Justine (1734-1782); 9. die Tochter Marie Thérèse Felicite (1736-1744) und 10. die Tochter Louise Marie (1737-1787). Aus seinen zahlreichen außerehelichen Verhältnissen gingen noch mindestens 13 weitere Kinder hervor.
"... Louis XV was extremely attractive. He was tall and handsome, he had a most caressing look, a curious husky voice which nobody ever forgot who had once heard it, and a sexy moodiness of manner irresistible to women; the haughty air, which came in reality from shyness, in no way detracted from his charm. ... He was a religious man, a family man at heart." (in: Nancy Mitford: Madame de Pompadour, id., p. 2). "While not exactly in love with Maria Leczinska, he [Ludwig XV.] now [als jene gegen Ende des Jahres 1726 zum ersten Mal schwanger geworden war] felt tied to her by more than just protocol. This orphan [Ludwig XV.], this adolescent whose closest relatives were the unappealing ducs d'Orléans and de Bourbon, wanted a family of his own more than anything in the world. As soon as the Queen showed signs of providing him with children, she earned his deep and lasting affection. ..." (in: Olivier Bernier: Louis the beloved – The Life of Louis XV, id., p. 68).
"... Louis XV behaved very much like the rest of his people. He had been a good husband for several years, and he always remained a kind and faithful friend to his wife. ... he was a devoted father ... the King loved the Dauphin dearly, spent time with him, gave him numerous personal presents, took pride in his achievements, oversaw his education and watched his health with the deepest concern. In 1738, for instance, the nine-year-old boy was suffering from an abscess at the juncture of cheek and jaw which had to be incised. Anesthesia had yet to be invented, so the operation was dreadfully painful. Against all tradition, the King insisted on being present, but when he heard his son's shrieks, he began to shake and grew so pale that his attendants expected him to faint. In one respect, however, and in spite of his obvious reluctance, he behaved like an eighteenth-century father. At Fleury's request, and for reasons of economy, it was decided that five of his seven daughters would be sent off, for a few years, to the convent of Fontevrault, thus obviating the need for costly separate households. The two oldest girls, Mesdames Elisabeth and Henriette, who were eleven, and thus approaching marriageable age, were allowed to stay. Then, when the King announced his decision, the six-year-old Madame Adélaide burst into sobs, flung herself at her father's feet and begged not be sent away. Unable to resist the child's tears, Louis agreed to let her stay, so in May 1738 Mesdames Victoire, Sophie, Félicité and Louise went off." (in: Olivier Bernier: Louis the beloved – The Life of Louis XV, id., p. 93).
"... the daughters who, at Fleury's request, had been sent off to Fontevrault [im Jahr 1738], at last came back to Versailles. They were fewer in number [Marie Thérèse Felicite war am 28. September 1744 gestorben] ... but the King was overjoyed to have them near him again. Madame Victoire, who arrived in the summer of 1748, was followed, in October 1750, by Mesdames Sophie and Louise. 'The King went to greet them with M. le Dauphin [seinem Sohn Louis Ferdinand] and Madame Victoire,' Mme de Pompadour wrote her brother. 'I had the honor of following him. In truth, nothing is more touching than these meetings. The King's tenderness for his children is beyond anything and they respond to it wholeheartedly.'" (in: Olivier Bernier: Louis the beloved – The Life of Louis XV, id., p. 158).
Ludwig XV. hatte wie fast jeder zeitgenössische hohe Adlige viele Mätressen. Seine Hauptmätressen waren Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle (1717-1744), die Herzogin von Châteauroux, Madame de Pompadour (1721-1764) und Madame du Barry (1743-1793).
Videotipp:
Das private Apartment der Könige Ludwig XV. und Ludwig XVI. im Schloss von Versailles
Der Tagesablauf beim König: "... Louis XV took his breakfast (a little paté, some fruit) in public, sitting alone at a table while people stared. Then came the Mass, with its own carefully worked out etiquette, after which the monarch saw the Cardinal [André-Hercule de Fleury] and his ministers, one at a time. Then came one of the councils. On the two days a week without a Council, the King retired to his study and worked for the rest of the morning. Sometimes there were special ceremonies; presentations of noblemen or ladies; receptions of ambassadors or special bodies, like the Parlement; solemn taking of the oath of office for ministers and marshals of France. Then, around one o'clock, the King dined in public, surrounded by much ceremony, many attendants and very little amusement. The meal usually lasted for a little under an hour; refusing many of the proffered dishes, Louis XV usually ate soup; a little game or poultry and a roast of lamb, veal or beef; few vegetables, but occasional salads; then fruit, fresh or stewed, and often some cookies. The afternoon, however, made up for the morning's constraints: this was the time to hunt, starting a little before two and ending around six; Louis XV usually led the pack and exhausted the other hunters. After that, once again the Court took over. On Mondays and Saturdays there was a concert, on Wednesdays and Thursdays a play, on Fridays and Sundays card playing. Then came, for the King, the crowning moment of the day: unless there was a ceremony of some sort, he vanished into his private apartments or went over to the contesse de Toulouse's: it was time for the supper, usually eaten sometime around nine, for conversation and light amusement. The King usually drank nothing but champagne, and not much of that, relaxed and, at long last, felt he could rejoin the rest of humanity." (in: Olivier Bernier: Louis the beloved – The Life of Louis XV, id., p. 92).
Ludwig XV. liebte die Jagd über alles: "During the thirty years of his prime he killed the enormous average of 210 stags a year, without counting wolves and wild boars. ... If the hunting had to be put off, because of hard frost, he would go for a three-hour gallop, regardless of the horse's legs. He was also fond of partridge shooting, and was an excellent shot." (in: Nancy Mitford: Madame de Pompadour, id., p. 89).
Über den Mordanschlag an Ludwig XV. am späten Nachmittag des 5. Januar 1757, einem Mittwoch, berichtet Edmond Barbier Folgendes: "This day has witnessed the most dreadful of events. The King has been assassinated, knifed ... by a scoundrel. On Thursday morning, consternation was widespread in Paris, everyone was crying in the churches; but by the evening we had the happiness of learning with certainty that the blow was neither deadly nor even dangerous." Im Tagebuch des Herzogs von Croy lesen wir über den Hergang Folgendes: "Around six in the evening [am 5. Januar 1757] ... the King decided to return to Trianon, where everybody had remained. As he came down the last step of the small guardroom to step into his carriage, leaning on his Grand and First Equerries, the duc d'Ayen and M. le Duc following him, the Captain of the Swiss Guard walking before him, a sufficient number of troops being lined up, a man sprang forth between two guards, whom he pushed, one to the right, the other to the left; he struck an officer with such strength that he made him fall, and came up, partly from behind, and struck the King on the right side with a knife that had a folding blade, using such force that the knife pushed the King forward, prompting him to say: 'Duc d'Ayen, someone has just punched me.' The man did all this with such speed that he ran back through the opening [between the guards] that he had made before those he had pushed could react and no one saw the blow, partly because of the torches, partly because we were all looking down at the last step. ... The King turned to the side and, realizing it was the side where he had been hit, he felt the place with his hand and saw that it was covered with blood. He then said: 'I am wounded. Arrest him but do not kill him.' A footman, who was holding the carriage open, saw the bleeding and shouted, 'The King is wounded.' Guards then seized the man and the King turned back. His attendants wanted to carry him but he said: 'No, I am still strong enough to go up myself,' and he walked back up the stairs easily, having until then showed much strength and great presence of mind. Back in his rooms, he saw the blood pouring out and thought that he was fatally wounded. 'Oh,' he said, 'I have been struck, I will not recover!' The loss of blood and the worry weakened him then, and he asked repeatedly for a priest and a surgeon. Since the entire household was at Trianon, for quite a long time he lacked everything. ... A surgeon then came in and washed the wound ... He probed the wound and said that it wasn't deep and he didn't think that it could be dangerous, but everybody worried, as did the King, about the knife being poisoned. ... Mesdames [Ludwigs XV. Töchter] came in because they had heard all the noise; finding the King wounded and bathed in his blood, they fainted, falling on the floor around the bed ... M. le Duc, his face awash with tears but remaining his presence of mind, saw to everything. The Queen came in, thinking that the King only had a colic, but seeing the blood, she also fainted. ... The blade with which the King had been struck was some three and a half inches long and very sharp, quite long enough to reach a vital organ; but luckily, January 5 was a very cold day and the King was wearing several layers of clothing, so the wound, though painful, was fairly shallow and poisonless. After a few days of weakness and fever, the First Surgeon announced, the King would recover fully; ... Robert-François Damiens, his would-be murderer, was a severely disturbed man, possibly slightly retarded, who had served as a footman in the houses of several officials of the Parlement, in particular that of the conseiller Béze de Lys, one of the fiercest opponents of the bull, the new taxes and the royal government. There, Damiens, heard many fiery speeches denouncing the King, so he simply acted on them. He decided to knife the King as a warning, but probably did not even intend to kill him: under interrogation, he said he had just wanted to teach the King a lesson so that he would listen to the Parlement.'" (in: Olivier Bernier: Louis the beloved – The Life of Louis XV, id., pp. 185-187).
Robert-François Damiens wurde auf grausame Weise hingerichtet. Man goss in seine mit glühenden Zangen zugefügten Wunden brennendes Pechharz und vierteilte ihn dann mit Hilfe von Pferden. Was dann noch von seinem Körper übrigblieb, wurde verbrannt.
So positiv einige heutige Historiker den Charakter des Königs beurteilen, so gibt es doch auch einen schweren Kritikpunkt, den wir Zeitgenossen des 21. Jahrhunderts und mit Sicherheit auch die Eltern der Opfer des Königs nicht übersehen konnten und können, nämlich sein Verhalten gegenüber jungen Frauen oder Mädchen, die seine sexuellen Bedürfnisse zu stillen hatten: "Ludwig XV. hatte in einem Teil des Waldes von Versailles, der Parc aux Cerfs, also Hirschpark, genannt wurde, ein kleines Jagdhaus zum Ort für seine Liebesabenteuer umgestalten lassen. Dort quartierte sein getreuer Kammerdiener Lebel von Zeit zu Zeit ein junges Mädchen aus der Mittelschicht ein, mit dem sich der König dann vergnügte. Man ließ die Mädchen über die Identität ihres Liebhabers im dunkeln, indem man ihnen nur erklärte, es handle sich um einen ausländischen Aristokraten ... Wenn die Damen 'ausgedient' hatten, wurden sie großzügig abgefunden und gut verheiratet. Falls sie schwanger wurden, wurde natürlich auch für diese Kinder entsprechend gesorgt. Madame de Pompadour übernahm es hin und wieder sogar selbst, daß derlei Angelegenheiten zufriedenstellend geregelt wurden. Ihre Kammerfrau, Madame du Hausset, berichtet, in ihren Aufzeichnungen, daß ihr die Marquise einmal folgendes auftrug: 'Sie begeben sich für einige Tage in das Haus in der Avenue Saint-Cloud. Dort werden Sie eine junge Person vorfinden, die kurz vor der Entbindung steht ... Wir brauchen Sie, damit alles diskret und alles nach den Wünschen des Königs vonstatten geht. Sie werden der Taufe beiwohnen ...'" (in: Helga Thoma: "Madame, meine teure Geliebte ..." - Die Mätressen der französischen Könige, ebenda, S. 167-168).
"Frankreich erlebte unter Ludwig XV. einen enormen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung, und der Lebensstandard wurde wesentlich angehoben. Grund dafür war unter anderem der florierende Handel mit den Kolonien sowie der Ausbau des Straßennetzes. Hinzu kam eine verbesserte Administration, die Vereinheitlichung des Zivilrechtes und die Kodifizierung von Gerichtsverfahren, aber auch die Förderung der Ausbildung von Ingenieuren und Technikern, sodaß in dieser Zeit die Grundlagen für ein modernes Staatswesen geschaffen wurden." (in: Helga Thoma: "Madame, meine teure Geliebte ..." - Die Mätressen der französischen Könige, ebenda, S. 173).
Ein Zeitgenosse, der Herzog Emmanuel von Croy, über Ludwig XV.: "He had a unique memory and presence of mind; his understanding was extraordinary. He never said anything false ... He was kind, an excellent father and relative, and the most honest man in the world. He was knowledgeable in the sciences and especially competent in astronomy, physics, chemistry, botany, but all with the greatest modesty. Overall, modesty was a virtue which in him almost became a vice: always seeing more clearly than the others, he always thought he was wrong. I have often heard him say: 'I would have thought this (and he was right) but I'm told it isn't so and must be wrong' ... He never willfully said anything nasty or harsh ... All he lacked was the ability to decide by himself ... Louis XIV was too proud; he [Louis XV] wasn't proud enough ... He thought only his mistresses loved him enough to tell him the truth ..."
Meinung des Autoren Olivier Bernier: "... Louis XV spent the last years of his reign in a valiant effort to reform the regime. ... if Louis XV had lived on for a few years more the Revolution would never have occurred. By 1774, he had removed its two immediate causes, the anti-reform Parlement and the unfair, inefficient tax system. ... First, and perhaps most important, he avoided the catastrophic wars which marred the reigns of practically all his predecessors. ... Throughout the period from 1740 to 1774, the taxes remained at a reasonable level, no matter what the Parlement claimed. The dreadful famines which struck as recently as 1710 ceased, largely because the government preserved and distributed supplies more efficiently. Never in its history had France been so peaceful or so prosperous ... Still, no one is perfect, and Louis XV, like the rest of us, had faults. In his own lifetime people would have said that the chief of these was too great a liking for women. ... however, Louis XV was almost disabled, for most of his life, by one crucial flaw: his lack of self-confidence. Had he been better able to assert himself, he could probably have spared France the War of Austrian Succession, the parlement would have been crushed - and consequently the reforms introduced - much earlier, and a number of inefficient minister relieved of their posts sooner. Still, it adds greatly to the interest of the King's story that after a long struggle he succeeded in overcoming his diffidence. Starting in December 1770, Louis XV abundantly proved that he had gained the ability to make difficult decisions and stick to them." (in: Olivier Bernier: Louis the beloved – The Life of Louis XV, id., pp. 250-251).
als Buch bei amazon.de: 552 Seiten, mit Stammtafeln und 292 sw Bildern, Independently published, 1. Auflage, ISBN 978-1-9768-8527-3, € 31,84 (großes Buchformat: 21 x 27 cm)
als E-Book bei amazon.de erhältlich, ca. 1.000 Seiten mit Stammtafeln und 292 Bildern, € 29,89
Anna von Sachsen – Gattin von Wilhelm von Oranien
124 Seiten, mit Stammtafeln und 64 SW-Bildern, ISBN 978-1-9733-1373-1, 4. überarbeitete Auflage, € 7,80
bei amazon.de
Die Frauen der Sforza II: Caterina Sforza - Die Amazone der Sforza und die Muse von Botticelli
nur als Buch (Farbband), bei amazon.de: 320 Seiten, mit Stammtafeln und 153 Bildern, Independently published, 1. Auflage 2021, ISBN 979-8-7119-9157-1, € 44,73
Wer ist Mona Lisa? – Identifizierung einer Unbekannten mit Hilfe historischer Quellen
als Buch bei amazon.de: 172 Seiten, mit Stammtafeln und 136 Bildern (130 Bilder in Farbe), Independently published, 1. Auflage, ISBN 978-1-9831-3666-5, € 29,31
Anna von Sachsen – Gattin von Wilhelm von Oranien
124 Seiten, mit Stammtafeln und 64 SW-Bildern, ISBN 978-1-9733-1373-1, 4. überarbeitete Auflage, € 7,80
bei amazon.de
Die Lieblingsrezepte meiner Familie – Liebe geht wirklich durch den Magen (3. Auflage)
bei amazon.de:126 Seiten mit farbigen und schwarz-weißen Bildern, Independently published, ISBN 979-8-7648-5958-3, € 13,28
Der Alltag im Mittelalter 352 Seiten, mit 156 Bildern, ISBN 3-8334-4354-5, 2., überarbeitete Auflage 2006, € 23,90
Zeitreise 1 – Besuch einer spätmittelalterlichen Stadt
als Buch, Independently published, 264 Seiten, 93 SW-Bilder, € 12,54, ISBN 978-1-5497-8302-9
und als E-Book
Frauen in der Renaissance – 30 Einzelschicksale
seit Oktober 2017 als Buch in überarbeiteter Version bei amazon.de erhältlich, 432 Seiten, mit 304 SW-Bildern, € 20,20; ISBN 978-1-5498-9445-9
ab Dezember 2014 als E-Book in überarbeiteter Version bei amazon.de erhältlich, mit 346 Bildern (davon 268 in Farbe), € 18,03
Agrippina die Jüngere – Die große römische Politikerin und ihre Zeit
als Buch bei amazon.de: 260 Seiten, mit Stammtafeln und 59 SW-Bildern, ISBN 3-8334-5214-5, 2., überarbeitete Auflage, € 17,90
als E-BOOK bei amazon.de: mit Stammtafeln und 70 Bildern, Eigenproduktion 2017, € 13,53
Lucrezia Borgia – Das Leben einer Papsttochter in der Renaissance
als Buch bei amazon.de, 152 Seiten, 78 SW-Abbildungen, ISBN 978-1-9732-7487-2, € 9,08
als E-BOOK bei amazon.de mit Stammtafeln und 78 Bildern, davon 37 in Farbe, Eigenproduktion 2014, € 9,02
