Wer ist Mona Lisa? – Identifizierung einer Unbekannten mit Hilfe historischer Quellen
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Maria war das vierte Kind der jüngsten Schwester des Kardinals Mazarin, Hieronyma Mazzarino (1614-1656), und ihres Gatten Lorenzo Mancini (1602-1656). Ihre berühmten Schwestern waren Laura Victoria (c. 1634-1657), Olympia (1638-1708), Hortense (1646-1699) und Maria Anna (1649-1714). In ihrer Selbstbiografie lesen wir über ihre Kindheit Folgendes: "When I was seven year old, my mother, who considered me less beautiful than my sister Hortense, now Duchesse Mazarin, put me in the Campo Marzio, a convent of the Order of Saint Benedict, with the idea of raising me there as a nun, to which she expected that my aunt [Anna Maria Mazzarino (1609-1649)], with whom she had placed me, would contribute considerably. After two years, even though my mother had much less liking for me than for my sister, she could not help being touched by my poor health, and attributing my indisposition to the strict enclosure to which I was subjected, and to the bad air I breathed in the convent, which was indeed very unhealthy, she withdrew me and brought me back to live with her. I had been out of the cloister for about two years ... That is what brought him [ihren Onkel, den Kardinal Mazarin] to call to his side my mother and my aunt Martinozzi [Laura Margherita Mazzarino (1608-1685)], with the order to each of them to bring along her eldest daughter ..." [dies geschah im Frühling 1653; schon im September 1648 waren folgende Nichten und Neffen zum Kardinal Mazarin nach Frankreich geschickt worden: Laura Victoria Mancini (c. 1634-1657); Paul Mancini (1636-1652), Olympia Mancini (1638-1708); und Marie Anne Martinozzi (c. 1635-1672); im Frühling 1653 folgten diesen Madame Mancini mit ihren Töchtern Maria (1639-1715) und Hortense (1646-1699) und ihrem Sohn Philippe (1641-1707) und Madame Martinozzi mit ihrer zweiten Tochter Laura (1639-1687); im Jahr 1655 kamen noch die jüngsten Kinder der Mancini, Maria Anna (1649-1714) und Alphonse (1644-1658), der schon früh starb: "died after an accident at school, which happened during the Christmas holidays of 1657-58 - who died very young and very unfortunately from a blow to the head which he received when he was being tossed in a blanket by some other schoolboys at the Collège de Clermont, where he was boarded."]. ... So we boarded a galley from Genoa ... we were treated like queens there throughout our voyage, and that the tables of sovereigns are not served with more pomp and brilliance than was ours four times a day. We finally landed in Marseille, where my rather too scrupulous aunt refused for a long time to receive the official emissaries of the city, who wanted to pay us their respects, because she could not reconcile herself to the French way of greeting people [the customary welcome included a kiss on the lips]. ... We proceeded from Marseille to Aix ... We stayed eight months in that city, where my brother-in-law the duc [der Herzog von Mercoeur, der ihre älteste Schwester Laura geheiratet hatte] treated us with the greatest magnificence in the world, and where my sister his wife came to join us two months after our arrival and did all she could to amuse us and to make our stay most pleasant. When this time had passed, which was the period set by my uncle to tame us (as he said), we received the order to set out for Paris, and my sister, who was expecting her first child at the time, insisted on accompanying us there, despite the rigors of winter. ... After one month's journey, during which there was not a single mishap, we finally arrived in Paris, where my uncle saw us in private and received us with such tenderness that it is impossible to express it ... Having recovered a bit from the fatigue of the journey, we went to see Their Majesties [den König Ludwig XIV. und seine Mutter Anna], who received us with gestures of exceptional kindness. ... Monsieur le Cardinal resolved to put me in a convent, to see, as he said, if it would fatten me up a bit [die Reise war zu anstrengend für Maria gewesen]. In addition to that reason for putting me in the convent, he considered me very young and unpolished, as indeed I was; and I did not know the language, which seemed to him to be a great obstacle to my appearing in so brilliant a court. ... So I was put in the Convent of the Visitation, in the Faubourg Saint-Jacques, where two months later my sister Hortense came to keep me company by order of His Eminence. For he found her too young and childish to be at court, where her great beauty had made a place for her, and where everyone was so delighted to see her that even Monsieur [der jüngeree Bruder des Königs], though only a child, could not live without her. His Eminence added that she was a bit too obstinate, which he blamed in large part of the freedom she had been afforded in that society. ... I had been in the convent for eighteen months when my uncle sent for me ... he ordered to bring me to La Fère in Picardy, where the court was at the time. [Sie sollte mit dem Sohn des Maréchals de La Meilleraye, Armand-Charles de La Porte (1632-1713), verheiratet werden, der sich jedoch in Marias Schwester Hortense verliebt hatte und nur diese heiraten wollte: "... he would cast himself into a cloister if he could not marry her."] ... not that I partook freely of the pleasures of the court, for my mother, who knew how vivacious I was and who, as I have said, had less affection for me than for my sisters, held me back as much as she could and maintained such a close watch over me that I never went out except with her, and in fact most of the time she left me at home. ... The grief I felt became so intense one day that, reproaching my mother for the way she treated me, I said to her in a very sharp tone that even if she loved only my sister Hortense, because she was beautiful, she should still remember that I was the elder. This little fit of anger so irritated my mother that she told His Eminence she could no longer live with me, and that it would be much better to make me a nun than to leave me in the world, where she foresaw that I would be very unhappy, having no docility, nor deference for those toward whom I should have the most. [Madame Mancini lent credence to the astrological predictions of her husband, Lorenzo Mancini, who said that their daughter Marie was destined to bring trouble down on the whole family.]." (in: Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini: Memoirs, Edited and Translated by Sarah Nelson, id., pp. 84-90).
Maria kam somit zusammen mit ihrer Schwester Hortense im Jahr 1653 zu ihrem Onkel, dem Kardinal Mazarin, nach Frankreich. "Marie [Maria Mancini] tells the early part of her life in France as a Cinderella story, in which her wicked mother and 'stepfather' (the cardinal) put her away in convents or kept her in her mother's apartment while her sisters Hortense and Olympe (who later became the influential comtesse de Soissons) were allowed to partake of all the pleasures of court life. Then, as Marie attended her dying mother in late 1656, she was 'discovered' by the young king [Ludwig XIV.], who made daily visits to her mother's bedside. He was struck by her lively wit, love blossomed and so did Marie herself; and for two years she lived a life of idyllic romance." (in: Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini: Memoirs, Edited and Translated by Sarah Nelson, id., p. 3).
Die schöne Zeit mit Ludwig XIV., geschildert in ihrer Selbstbiografie: Alles begann, als ihre Mutter im Jahr 1656 krank wurde. "At the beginning her condition was not dangerous; nevertheless, His Majesty [Ludwig XIV.] did her the honor of coming to visit her every evening, and since he noticed in me a great deal of passion, vivacity, and cheerfulness, he always said something to me in passing, which was more than a little relief from the misery my mother put me through, but which strangely increased her suffering, so that she refused to let me enter her room when she had company. [Ihre Mutter starb am 29. Dezember 1656 im Alter von 42 Jahren.] ... I was like a new person [nach dem Tod der Mutter], and I can say that my good fortune had had as positive an effect on my mind as on my body, and had greatly increased my wit and gaiety. The kindness of the king was so great that we lived on familiar terms with him and with Monsieur [seinem jüngeren Bruder Philippe I.]. ... And the attentiveness of the king, the magnificent presents I received from him, his care, his zealousness, and indulgence with which he treated me in everything soon managed to convince me completely of it [dass sie ihm etwas bedeutete]." (in: Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini: Memoirs, Edited and Translated by Sarah Nelson, id., pp. 90-92). Aber eine Heirat der Verliebten war aus Standesgründen nicht möglich. Maria litt sehr darunter und war froh, Frankreich durch ihre Heirat mit Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna verlassen zu können. "Thus I took my leave of Their Majesties [des Königs und seiner Mutter], and the king bade me farewell, assuring me that he would always remember me that he would protect me everywhere." (in: Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini: Memoirs, Edited and Translated by Sarah Nelson, id., p. 102).
Maria Mancini war die große und erste Liebe des französischen Königs Ludwig XIV. (1638-1715). Für beide war es die ganz große Liebe, und Ludwig XIV. wollte sie heiraten. Aber seine Mutter Anna von Spanien/Österreich und Marias Onkel, der Kardinal Mazarin, waren gegen eine Heirat der beiden, da Maria sich zu weit unter dem Stand des französischen Königs befand. Die Trennung fiel beiden sehr schwer. Maria hatte im Jahr 1661 den Fürsten Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna (1637-1683), den achten Prinzen von Paliano, zu heiraten, dem sie nach einer Fehlgeburt im Oktober 1661 drei Söhne schenkte: Filippo II. Colonna, den neunten Prinzen von Paliano, geboren am 7. April 1663, gestorben am 6. November 1714; Marcantonio Colonna, geboren Anfang November 1664 und gestorben im Jahr 1715; und Carlo Colonna, den zukünftigen Kardinal, geboren am 16. November 1665 und gestorben am 8. Juli 1739. Nach der schweren Geburt ihres dritten Sohnes am 16. November 1665 war Maria nicht mehr bereit, mit ihrem Gatten weiterhin sexuell zu verkehren. Aus Enttäuschung bezüglich ihres Gatten und vielleicht auch aus Liebe zum französischen König Ludwig XIV., den sie unbedingt wiedersehen wollte, floh sie mit ihrer Schwester Hortense Mancini Ende Mai 1772 nach Frankreich. Maria wollte mit ihrer Schwester Hortense in Zukunft in Paris im Palais Mazarin leben. Ludwig XIV. war zwar bereit, Maria finanziell zu unterstützen, mied es jedoch, sie an seinem Hof zu empfangen. In ihrer Selbstbiografie lesen wir bezüglich des Briefes, den der König Maria durch seinen Boten in Fontainebleau überreichen ließ: "... since the king had been given to believe I was flattering myself that I had a strong hold over his mind. He [der Bote] added to this that the king was very irritated to have granted me his protection upon frivolous pretexts and for reasons founded on nothing but my whims; and he concluded that if I was not resolved to go back home, I should return to Grenoble and enter the abbey of Montfleury ... [ihre Antwort hierzu:] that I had not left home only to return so soon; that I had not made this decision based on frivolous pretexts but for good and solid reasons which I could not and would not relate except to the king, and that I hoped from the mind and the sense of justice of His Majesty that, provided I could speak to him just once, which was all I asked, he would easily be disabused of all the bad impressions that people had given him of me; that I was very far from flattering myself that I held the kind of power he had just mentioned; that I had neither enough merit nor enough ability to claim even the slightest role in the handling of his affairs; that I asked nothing more than to withdraw to Paris, and I restricted my ambitions to the space of a cloister, where I implored His Majesty to let me live among my relatives, as Madame la grande duchess de Toscane [Marguerite-Louise d'Orléans (1645-1721), mit der sie nicht verwandt war] and the princesse de Chalais [Anne-Marie de La Trémouille, mit der sie ebenfalls nicht verwandt war] lived today and as a thousand other ladies had lived who were widowed or separated from their husbands; that as for returning to Grenoble, I was too tired to undertake another journey; and that moreover I would wait for a reply from His Majesty and then take my measures accordingly." Die Antwort des Königs folgte: "... that the king did not want me to enter Paris, or to see him, as he had given his word to Monsieur le Nonce and the constable [dem Gatten von Maria] that he would allow me neither the one nor the other, for reasons of which I was certainly not unaware; and he told me that I could go back to Grenoble in the meantime until I returned home, which was the safest and most decent course of action I could take. I was deeply hurt by this declaration, and I replied that the king could certainly prevent me from seeing him and from entering Paris, but that he could not decently force me to return to Grenoble in the state in which I found myself, having been as ill used by the heat as by the haste with which I had traveled. I added that it was quite harsh and quite severe of the king thus to forbid me the honor of his presence, but that since I had to obey, I implored His Majesty to permit me at the least to enter the Lys, which is an abbey situated some ten leagues from Paris." (in: Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini: Memoirs, Edited and Translated by Sarah Nelson, id., pp. 140-143). Maria schrieb in den nächsten Jahren noch viele Briefe an den französischen König. Sie wollte ihn unbedingt noch einmal sehen und ihren Lebensabend in seinem Königreich verbringen. Letztendlich lebte Maria, ohne ihn noch einmal sehen zu können, bis zu dem Tod ihres Gatten im Jahr 1689 als Vagabund in verschiedenen Klöstern in Südfrankreich, Savoyen, der Schweiz, Deutschland, den Niederlanden und Spanien, erst dann wagte sie es, sich zurück nach Italien zu begeben. Sie starb in Pisa (Italien) im gleichen Jahr, 1715, wie ihre große Liebe Ludwig XIV.
Es bleibt die große Frage, warum hatte sie nach der Geburt des dritten Sohnes keinen sexuellen Verkehr mehr mit ihrem Gatten haben wollen, den sie, wie wir ihrer Selbstbiografie entnehmen können, sehr geliebt hatte. War es wirklich die schwere Geburt? "The real reason, according to [Lucien] Perey, was that soon after the birth of Marie's third son, she received an anonymous message informing her that one month earlier, a girl child had been born to a woman of quality, and that Lorenzo [Marias Gatte] was the father. Perey's source (Pompeo Litta et al., Famiglie celebri italiane, unbound fascicles in 10 boxes [Milan: P. E. Giusti, 1819-83]) specifies that his illegitimate daughter was named Maria that she was raised as a girl of noble birth in a Roman convent, and that she died there at the age of eighty-five on March 4, 1750." Und dieser Kommentar passt sehr gut zu der Aussage von Maria in ihrer Selbstbiografie, nachdem sie uns erzählt hatte, dass ihr Gatte ihr versprochen hätte, sie nicht mehr anzurühren: "We spent the carnival season [im Jahr 1666] quite happily, apart from my episodes of jealousy, for the constable [ihr Gatte] did not fail to recover elsewhere what he had lost through our agreement, and I confess I was angry that he should keep his word to me at that price." (in: Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini: Memoirs, Edited and Translated by Sarah Nelson, id., p. 113).
Was ihre Zeitgenossin Madame de Motteville über sie zu berichten hatte: "The cardinal [Mazarin], after the marriage of the Comtesse de Soissons [Olympia Mancini], brought upon the stage of the Court the third of the Mancini sisters [Maria Mancini], who he withdrew from the convent of the Filles-de-Sainte-Marie where she had been for some time. He did this in defiance of the dying request of his sister, Madame Mancini, who had begged him above all to put her third daughter, Marie, into religion, because she had always seemed to her to have a bad disposition, and her late husband, who was a great astrologer, had warned her that this daughter would be the cause of much evil. But the cardinal wished to give the king, in her and in her next sister, Hortense, who was perfectly beautiful, a companionship that would be agreeable to him. The elder of the two, Marie, next younger sister to the Comtesse de Soissons, was ugly. She might hope to have a good figure for she was tall of her age and very erect; but she was so thin, and her arms and neck looked so long and so skinny that it was impossible at present [im Jahr 1657] to praise her on that score. She was brown and yellow; her eyes, which were large and black, had no fire in them as yet, and seemed hard; her mouth was wide and flat; and, except for her teeth, which were very fine, it may be said that she was then very ugly. Her quality as elder sister made the king [Ludwig XIV.] prefer to amuse himself with her rather with her sister Hortense, because the latter was still a child, and youths of the age of the king naturally dislike little girls ... This preference was for a time so moderate that it could scarcely count for anything ... The king was in this state of indifference when, all of a sudden, he seemed to fall in love with a young girl whom the queen had lately taken into her service, named La Motte-d'Argencourt. She had neither dazzling beauty nor extraordinary intelligence, but her whole person was agreeable. Her skin was neither very delicate nor very white; but her blue eyes and her blond hair, with the blackness of her eyebrows and the brown of her complexion made a mixture of sweetness and vivacity which was so agreeable that it was difficult to resist her charm. Considering the features of her face, one might say it was perfect; and as she had an elegant air and a very fine figure, a manner of speaking that pleased, and danced admirable well, she was no sooner admitted to the little card-parties at which the king sometimes amused himself in the evening that he felt so violent a passion for her that the minister [Kardinal Mazarin] became uneasy. ... She [Anna von Spanien/Österreich, die Mutter von Ludwig XIV.] opposed it [dass ihr Sohn diese Dame liebte] strongly and reproved him [Ludwig XIV.] openly one evening when he had talked too long with the girl. The king received the queen's reprimand with respect and gentleness; but he asked her in a low voice not to show her displeasure before others ... The king spoke one day to Mademoiselle de La Motte as a man in love who was no longer virtuous; he even offered, if she would love him, to resist the queen and the cardinal. But she, not being willing, or not daring to entertain proposals which she saw were shocking to virtue ... refused all that would be against her duty. ... Then he [Ludwig XIV.] went for a little journey to Vincennes, where he won a victory over his desires [und die kleine, unschuldige Affäre war zu Ende] ... (in: Memoirs of Madame de Motteville, Volume 3, id., pp. 115-117).
Maria Mancini und der französische König Ludwig XIV. im Jahr 1658: "During the stay of the Court at Fontainebleau he [Ludwig XIV.] seemed to attach himself more strongly to Mademoiselle Marie Mancini; he talked to her incessantly, and in spite of her ugliness, which at that time was extreme, he took pleasure in her conversation. The girl was bold and spirited, but her spirit was rough and passionate. Her love corrected the roughness, and her fiery nature made her aware that she was not insensible to passion. The king perceived this ... There is no stronger chain to bind a noble heart than that of feeling itself beloved; and it is easy to see how, on both sides, their attachment became as strong as it was tender. ... She [Maria Mancini] never left the king, she followed him everywhere, and he seemed to take pleasure in her society. The assiduity they showed to each other began at last to displease the queen ... Mademoiselle Mancini, who appeared to hold the first place in his heart, was not agreeable to her [der Mutter des Königs]. ... Mademoiselle Mancini, who was now [im Jahr 1658/59] less thin and had fire in her eyes, was consequently not as ugly as she had been. Her passion embellished her, and she was even daring enough to be jealous and to reproach the king for his fickleness and the attraction he seemed to find in the Princesse Marguerite [seiner Cousine in Savoyen], ... Mademoiselle Mancini ... charmed with the king's fidelity and the power she had over him, resumed her usual post, which was always near him, talking with him and following him wherever it was possible; and the satisfaction she felt in believing herself beloved made her love still more him whom she already loved too much. ... that she [die Mutter des Königs] did not approve of the continuation of the love the king appeared to feel for Mademoiselle Mancini ... and the quality of cardinal's niece did not prevent her from expressing her sentiments with a certain freedom. But that freedom had no effect, because the King's passion had, up to this time [im Januar 1659], been protected by the minister. The queen, as a matter of duty and conscience, which should always be the rule of our actions, had an aversion for this girl; personally she had great cause to complain of her, because, contrary to the disapproval she had expressed of her conduct, the king never came into her presence without Mademoiselle Mancini. She followed him everywhere, and whispered in his ear in presence of even the queen herself, unstrained by the respect and the decorum which she owed to her. All these reasons obliged her to speak to the king; but he did not listen to her counsels with the docility he was accustomed to show to her. At first he resisted, and even showed some temper. ... The aversion the queen had to Mademoiselle Mancini was greatly increased by a speech which the uncle made to her. ... His niece, intoxicated by her passion and convinced of the power of her charms, had the presumption to imagine that the king loved her enough to do all things for her; so that she let her uncle know that, on the terms she was with the king, it was not impossible she might be queen, provided he would contribute his influence to it. The cardinal ... one day spoke of it to the queen ... her answer ...: 'I do not believe, Monsieur le cardinal, that the king is capable of such baseness; but if it were possible that he should think of it, I warn you that all France will revolt against you and against him; and that I will put myself at the head of the rebels to restrain my son.' ... The king's attachment to his niece gave her [der Mutter des Königs] pain, from the loftiness of her soul. She feared a result which would have been unworthy of the king; and she desired that the infanta [ihre Nichte Maria Teresa], bringing to him a pure heart that was wholly his, might not find his heart already occupied by an affection in every way unworthy of him, and capable of rendering their marriage unhappy, through the boldness that she knew existed in the girl's disposition. Nor was she free of fear that an inclination, little becoming in a king, might carry him beyond his own intentions. [Sie, die Mutter des Königs, sprach mit dem Kardinal Mazarin] ... he resolved to remove his niece from all the places where the king could meet her. The king, however, who had much tenderness for her, was so touched by her grief at being separated from him, that there was a moment when passion carried him so far as to propose, it was said, to Cardinal Mazarin to marry her, rather than see her suffer for his sake. The minister, knowing that the negotiations for peace and for marriage with the infanta were too far advanced to be broken off, took, without hesitation, the part of honour, by refusing what the king asked in an impulse of violent passion ... [aber] The king was finally compelled to consent to this harsh separation, and to see Mademoiselle Mancini depart for Brouage, which was the place selected for her exile. This was not without shedding many tears with her ... The evening preceding the day of Mademoiselle Mancini's departure, the king came to the queen in a state of extreme depression. She drew him aside and spoke to him for a long time ... the queen herself took a light which stood on her table and passing from her chamber into her bath-room, she asked the king to follow her. After they had been about an hour together the king came out with swollen eyes, and the queen followed him ... At that moment she [die Mutter des Königs] did me [Madame de Motteville] the honour to say to me in a low voice: 'I pity the king; he is loving and reasonable both; but I have just told him that I am certain he will one day thank me for the pain I give him, and from what I see in him I do not doubt it.' ... The next day, which was June 22d, Mademoiselle Mancini departed accompanied by Mademoiselle Hortense and the little Marianna, her sisters; tears were many on both sides, but particularly on hers. The king accompanied her to her carriage, showing his grief publicly; then he came to take leave of the queen and started instantly for Chantilly, where he went to spend several days and recover his strength. ... The cardinal had sent his exiled nieces to Rochelle and to Brouage; and when the Court, on its way to Bordeaux [um Ludwigs XIV. zukünftige Gattin, seine Cousine Maria Teresa, in Empfang zu nehmen], approached the place where they were, the king desired to see Mademoiselle Mancini in passing. The queen did not oppose it; she let her come to, I think, Cognac [falsch, es war in Saint-Jean-d'Angély am 13. August 1659]. I have heard it said that this interview was full of feeling, and tears were shed on both sides. Nevertheless, the king continued his journey, and the niece returned to her place of exile. Here ends the romance ..." (in: Memoirs of Madame de Motteville, Volume 3, id., pp. 148-149/153/164/170-172/176-179/184).
Maria verließ ihren Gatten im Jahr 1672 und floh mit ihrer Schwester Hortense nach Frankreich. Ludwig XIV. hatte ihr versprochen, immer für sie da zu sein. "... when he was informed that Marie believed her husband might be trying to poison her (a charge which she was politic enough to leave out of her memoirs), he [Ludwig XIV.] sent word that if she should feel it necessary to flee, she would find a letter of safe conduct for her and her suite at their arrival in Marseille. Thus, she expected to be welcomed back to court, or at least allowed to live quietly in Paris, and she was shocked when first the queen and then the king himself forbade her to come near the capital." (in: Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini: Memoirs, Edited and Translated by Sarah Nelson, id., p. 5).
Maria gab wie ihre Schwester Hortense eine Selbstbiografie heraus: "The Truth in Its Own Light", und zwar im Jahr 1677, nachdem eine Biografie über sie, angeblich von ihr geschrieben, im Jahr 1676 erschienen war: "... the great commercial success of Hortense's book [published in 1675] was an impetus for someone to seek similar profits by purporting to offer Marie's story in her own words. Marie angrily disavows the book, ... and her 1677 publication of La Vérité dans son jour (The Truth in Its Own Light) represents her effort to set the record straight and to rehabilitate her reputation, which she considered to been impugned by the apocryphal book." (in: Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini: Memoirs, Edited and Translated by Sarah Nelson, id., p. 83).
Lesetipp: Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini: Memoirs. Edited and Translated by Sarah Nelson. Chicago and London 2008
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