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Anna gehörte zu den spanischen Habsburgern und nicht zu den österreichischen, und trotzdem finden wir sie im Internet und auch in vielen Büchern als "Anna von Österreich" anstatt als "Anna von Spanien". Eine Korrektur wäre hier wieder gewünscht, denn schließlich finden wir ihre jüngere Schwester, die Kaiserin Maria (1606-1646), überall mit dem richtigen Namen "Maria von Spanien".
"Anne was a fair and bonny child, the darling of the ceremonious court of Madrid, and of her father and her gentle mother, Marguerite. She seems never to have been consigned to the dreary monotony of a royal nursery establishment, but appears to have always followed the queen her mother. At the masques and court revels, the dainty little Infanta often appeared en scène, drawn by two diminutive ponies in a golden car; or upborne, by tiny nymphs of her own age, in a mimic conch-shell." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anne of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal. In two Volumes. Vol. 1. London 1864, pp. 5-6).
Anna war das erste Kind des spanischen Königs Philipp III. und seiner Gattin Margarete von Innerösterreich und die älteste Schwester des spanischen Königs Philipp IV. Sie erblickte das Licht der Welt am 22. September 1601, und sie starb am 20. Januar 1666.
Anna wurde von ihren Zeitgenossen als schön (mit wunderschönen blauen Augen), sehr standesbewusst und stolz auf alles Spanische, aber trotzdem als freundlich und leutselig beschrieben, die leicht Freunde/Freundinnen aus allen Bevölkerungsschichten gewinnen konnte. Sie galt jedoch auch als sehr launisch, jähzornig, stur und nachtragend.
Anna war von ihrem Vater am 25. November 1615 mit dem französischen König Ludwig XIII. (1601-1643) verheiratet worden. Es war eine sehr unglückliche Ehe.
Die Hochzeit im Jahr 1615: "The ceremony of the marriage was performed in the cathedral of Bordeaux on the Feast of St. Catherine (also am 25. November). The Princess de Conty, and the Duchesses de Guise and de Vendôme bore the train of Anne’s bridal robe of cloth of silver. The Queen wore a rich diadem of diamonds, the gift of her royal father; her hair was dressed à la Française; and her spectators applauded her girlish grace as she daintily rested on the arm of the Duke de Guise, who, with the Duke d’Elbœuf escorted her to the altar. The Regent [ihre Schwiegermutter Maria de' Medici] was present at the ceremony, arrayed in mourning robes. … The royal pair left the cathedral at six in the evening, and were escorted to their abode by torch-light." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., p. 25)
Was man alles an der jungen Anna zu beanstanden hatte, und welche Regeln sie befolgen sollte: "Anne had been advised to flatter the Queen-mother; to conciliate the Marquis d’Ancre and his wife; to despise M. de Luynes; to win her husband the King, by tender submission and grace; but yet to show herself of inflexible resolve in all matters wherein the honour and interest of Spain were concerned. ... Marie de’ Medici, through Madame d’Ancre sent word to her daughter[-in-law] commanding her to conform to French fashions in her dress: to sprinkle her fair hair with powder, and to lay aside her enormous hoop; also her Majesty intimated, that the French loved gay and sprightly women, apt of speech, and agile in the dance; and that no demeanour so offended them as solemn hauteur, and distant formality. Anne therefore only too readily arrayed herself in the most bewitching modes à la Française; and, yielding to the vivacity of her character, charmed the courtiers by her sallies; and by her eager participation in the pastimes of the court. ... The [Spanish] ambassador [Monteléone] next comments on the quarrels of the royal pair, 'who often disputed, like froward children, over their pastimes. … It is a grievous fact, that their Majesties live together as brother and sister … The Infanta-queen continues in good health: it is very much to be desired, to render this Majesty all perfection, that we could correct certain irregularities of character; though every one ascribes her Majesty’s unfortunate flightiness of manner to her youth. Her Majesty never speaks without jesting like a child; we cannot induce her to apply herself to serious matters; she forgets all counsels and instruction with incredible facility; and her petulance is such that we have neither leisure, nor courage to interfere. I must add that although we give continual attention to correct these defects, and to induce this young Queen to adopt manners more worthy of her descent and position, we are very careful not to disgust, or alienate her. We have now arranged that her Majesty’s confessor shall visit and converse with her daily on matters private and domestic, but I dread the weariness and impatience which these interviews will finally, but too surely, inspire.'" (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., pp. 28/30-32).
Aber zumindest am Anfang ihrer Ehe schien Ludwig XIII. einiges Lobenswertes bei seiner Gattin gefunden zu haben, wie im Jahr 1617: "Monteléone proceeds to congratulate King Philipp [III., den Vater von Anna] on the improved relations subsisting between the royal pair; and states, that the King evidently greatly admired his consort, who was growing up a beautiful and graceful woman; also, that the King often proudly alluded to the incomparable complexion of his wife, and remarked her abundant fair hair, 'in which attractions she had not a rival in France.'" (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., p. 54).
Dieses Porträt von ihr muss im Jahr 1621 oder 1622 erstellt worden sein, nachdem ihr Vater, der spanische König Philipp III., gestorben war.
"It was the Queen's habit to take a cup of broth in the morning before she left her bed, and to sleep afterwards for an hour ..." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., p. 234).
Der Lieblingstanz zur Zeit von Anna, die Sarabande:
1. Beispiel 1
2. Beispiel 2
3. Beispiel 3
"Anne had a pungent tongue, and her memory was seldom at fault ..." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., pp. 60-61).
Wie es mit der Ehe zwischen Anna und Ludwig XIII. im Jahr 1625 aussah: "The King [Ludwig XIII.] seldom saw his consort in private. He was often absent from Paris on short military campaigns; and when resident at the Louvre, Anne was too petulant and resentful to submit to his brusquerie; or too impatient to devote herself to the task of soothing his melancholy, or of sharing the dreary conversation, and still more dreary musical entertainment of two guitars, and a violin, which often whiled away the evenings in his Majesty's apartments. Louis had nothing to say to a young and beautiful woman; he loved to sit in silent abstraction, and disliked the presence of ladies. His praises of Richelieu incensed the Queen; as did also his habitual abuse of Spain, and the dynasty of Hapsburg, whose overthrow, he was wont to declare, it was the high mission of France to accomplish. This indifference between the royal couple enabled Richelieu to insert the wedge of a still more entire disunion: the minister and the Queen-mother inspired the mind of Louis with distrust of his wife; and Anne did nothing to kindle love, or to command respect." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., pp. 85-86).
Der absolute Liebling bzw. Favorit der schottisch-englischen Könige Jakob VI./I. und Karl I., George Villiers (1592-1628), der erste Herzog von Buckingham, beschrieb Anna, der er persönlich begegnet war, als die "Schönste und Süßeste aller Herrscherinnen". (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., p. 94). Er soll es sogar gewagt haben, sie zu küssen. Der ewig eifersüchtige Gatte von Anna, Ludwig XIII., drohte sogar, da ihm die zu große Nähe zwischen dem englischen Herzog und seiner Gattin von seinen Spionen berichtet worden war, mit der Scheidung. Die Zuneigung der französischen Königin und ihres Verehrers, des Herzogs von Buckingham, hörte hiermit jedoch nicht auf: "In England, also, the Duke's enthusiasm for Anne of Austria was not tempered by prudential considerations; of by delicacy for the feelings and honour of a great monarch [Ludwig XIII.], the brother of his own royal mistress, Queen Henrietta. He wore Anne's portrait; toasted her at the Whitehall banquets; displayed her likeness in most of the chambers of his princely mansions, disregardful of the feelings of his own 'silly Kate,' [seiner Gattin, Lady Katherine Manners] - all which aberrations were duly chronicled by the French ambassador in London; and transmitted for the perusal of the Cardinal minister [Richelieu], and to become the source of endless gloomy ponderings in the mind of King Louis [XIII.]." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., pp. 106-107).
Annas Leben am königlichen Hofe war einsam und triste. Ihr Gatte hasste sie, ihre Lebhaftigkeit, ihre Stimme, ihren Akzent, der ihn an Spanien, seinen großen Feind erinnerte. Er war ihr nicht untreu, hatte nicht wie sein Vater unzählige Geliebte. Frauen interessierten ihn nicht. Anna war glücklich, wenn sie ihrem eifersüchtigen, launischen Gatten entfliehen konnte. Lieber verbrachte sie ihre Zeit mit dessen jüngstem Bruder Gaston, der charmant, gesprächig und lustig war: "Anne's most happy time was, spent in seclusion at St. Germain, where she often craved permission to sojourn, followed by a few ladies, in order to superintend the formation of the gardens planned by Henri Quatre. The queen passionately loved flowers; and a similarity of taste often brought into her society her young and brilliant brother-in-law, Monsieur [Gaston]. Impetuous in all things, Anne gave herself up to the pleasure of his society; and discarded in favour of Monsieur most of the etiquettes which then hedged in a queen of France, even from familiarity with her husband's brother. She was heard to address Monsieur in public as mon frère; she permitted him to kiss her hands; to enter her presence unannounced; she sent him letters, which she asserted related only to botany, a science in which the young Duke was an adept." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., pp. 110-111).
Im Jahr 1626 war Anna laut der Historikerin Martha Walker Freer in eine Verschwörung verwickelt, bei der man den Kardinal Richelieu töten und ihren Gatten entweder töten oder wegen geistiger und körperlicher Untauglichkeit absetzen wollte. Sie sollte nach der Ermordung oder Absetzung ihres Gatten ihren Schwager Gaston, den Herzog von Orleans, der dann der nächste König von Frankreich geworden wäre, heiraten. Die Verschwörung flog jedoch auf, und Ludwig XIII. sollte es seiner Gattin nie verziehen haben, dass sie seinen Tod oder seine Absetzung gewünscht hatte. Das Verhältnis zwischen den beiden wurde seit dieser Zeit sehr schlecht: "The King [Ludwig XIII.] refused to hold communication with her [seiner Frau Anna]; and she was forbidden to see the Duchess de Chevreuse [ihre beste Freundin], or to converse with M. d'Orleans [ihrem Schwager Gaston, der von ihr mittlerweile gar nicht mehr so begeistert war]. ... On the 27th August [1626] an order was issued, signed by Louis, and countersigned by his minister [Kardinal Richelieu], forbidding entrée to the Queen's saloons and cabinets to the noblemen and gentlemen in waiting, or to the courtiers of the Louvre, unless they paid their respects to her Majesty in the King's presence; and entered her apartments, and departed therefrom in his suite. ... Anne likewise received the imperious commands of her royal husband never to grant a private audience without first advertising Queen Marie [de' Medici], or the Cardinal [Richelieu]; and naming the personage whom she was about to receive, and the object of the interview. Correspondence with Madame de Chevreuse was strictly forbidden ... Neglected by her husband, she persistently turned for sympathy towards her own kindred of Spain, whose counsels aggravated her position; for the King her brother [der spanische König Philipp IV.] never effectually interfered to ameliorate her position; or to intercede in her behalf. ... 'She wished for my death, and coveted another husband during my lifetime!' was often the bitter remark of Louis XIII. when any one pleaded the cause of the Queen; and such remained his Majesty's settled conviction on his death-bed." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., pp. 159-162).
Anna hasste den Kardinal Richelieu über alles. Sie war seine größte Gegnerin: "Anne's animosity against the Cardinal [Richelieu] is described as unsurpassed by that of his bitter political opponent. ... Anne was [im Jahr 1630] reckless enough to consent again to the discussion of the policy of her marriage with Monsieur [ihrem Schwager Gaston], in case of the speedy decease of Louis [ihrem Gatten, der in diesem Jahr sehr oft krank war; am 1. Oktober 1630 rechnete man sogar mit seinem Tod]. ... In the case of Anna of Austria, absolute dislike existed between Louis XIII. and herself ... The Queen had many undoubted grievances to suffer from the frigid, imperious, and vacillating temper of her consort; ... She saw her personal charms despised, and her society avoided; her pecuniary means were curtailed, from dread of the power which the command of money would have given her to intrigue, with foreign courts. To avenge herself for her privations and want of influence, Anne had recklessly sullied her royal dignity; her adventures with Buckingham resounded throughout Europe; and her connivance in the conspiracy of Chalais [im Jahr 1626] [Richelieu und ihren Gatten umzubringen] had greatly redounded to her discredit; while it must confessed that few husbands could have pardoned the treachery, and indelicacy of her overtures to Monsieur in case of her own widowhood, and his accession to the throne of France. ... Anne demanded the exile of the minister [Kardinal Richelieu]; whom she denounced as the great obstacle to a cordial understanding between the courts of France, and Spain." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., pp. 213-215/220). Außerdem hatte Anna stets Angst, Richelieu würde ihre Ehe mit Ludwig XIII. auflösen lassen - sie hätte ihrem Gatten schließlich bisher noch keine Kinder geschenkt - und sie deshalb nach Spanien zurückschicken.
"With the people of Paris Anne was popular; there was a fascination in her smile and manner which made the Parisians greet her with enthusiasm ... The gentle manners of the Queen, her apparent helplessness, her affectionate condescension, the interest she showed in the personal affairs of her friends, and the tearful softness of her blue eyes, were powerful weapons against the ascendency of the Cardinal [Richelieu], within the precincts of the palace [er konnte noch so viele seiner Spione in ihren Palast einschleusen, mit der Zeit wurden sie alle Anhänger von Anna]. ... Anne was mistress of the arts of persuasion ... Her Majesty, it was true, rarely perjured herself; but her modes of evasion, and equivocation were so diverse and ingenious, that she seldom avowed what she wished to conceal even under the most rigid examination; or promised exactly that which she knew she had no intention to fulfil." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, id., pp. 303/306/316-317).
Anna im Jahr 1637: "More than ever Anne deplored her childless condition: and lamented that in spite of her prayers, offerings, and vows, after twenty-two years of wedlock, the blessing appeared further than ever from attainment. The alienation between Anne and her husband had become more confirmed, if less visibly demonstrated. ... Anne, with her fair beauty, her consciousness of her charms, her petulant and derisive wit, her determined self-will, and her Spanish inclinations, had become hateful, and sometimes even terrible, to the King." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume 2, id., p. 10).
Annas Verhältnis zu ihrem Gatten verschlechterte sich noch im Jahr 1637, als der Kardinal Richelieu herausbekommen hatte, dass sie Staatsgeheimnisse an die Feinde Frankreichs, an ihre spanische Familie, ihre Brüder Philipp IV. und Ferdinand, an ihre Schwester Maria, Kaiserin des Heiligen Römischen Reiches deutscher Nation, und an ihre Schwägerin Henriette Maria in England weitergegeben hatte, die militärisch bei den Franzosen zu Niederlagen ["the fall of the fortresses of Corbie, and La Capelle; and ... the treacherous surrender of Câtelet to the Spaniards] geführt hatten. "'The unhappy princess [Anna] having no mercy to expect from her consort, or from a minister [Richelieu] who, on more than one occasion had threatened her with exile and divorce, believing herself lost, abandoned herself at first, without regard to appearance, or to prudence, to the anguish, and despair which possessed her.' 'Lost! lost!' she was overheard to murmur, 'the Cardinal will marry his niece to the King, and she will bear children never mind how!' alluding to Madame d'Aiguillon, whom Anne detested for her sanctimonious manners, and for her undeviating allegiance to her uncle [Richelieu]. ... M. de la Rochefoucauld relates in his Memoirs that the Queen proposed to him, in order to save her from perpetual imprisonment for life in the fortress of Hâvre, which she felt certain was a doom impending over her, that he should carry her off from Chantilly [wo sie sich gerade aufhielt], and convey her to the protection of her brother [Ferdinand] at Brussels. ... On the Feast of the Assumption [am 15. August 1637] Anne attended mass and received the Holy Eucharist in the chapel at Chantilly. Driven frantic by her terror and suspense ... Anne, while she knelt before the altar, sent for Le Gras, her secretary, and for Caussin, the King's confessor; and, with the Sacred Elements on her lips, she laid her hand on the altar and took oath that she had never held treasonable correspondence with any foreign potentate; adding, 'that she required and charged them both to repair to the presence of King Louis, and report what they had seen, and heard.' This terrible act of perjury invalidates for ever any statement put forth by Anna of Austria; and gives probability to all subsequent charges preferred by her enemies, showing, that there was no act, however flagrant, from which the Queen shrank in order to deliver herself from peril and disgrace. 'La reine est fausse: elle est perfide et ingrate [= "Die Königin ist falsch: sie ist verräterisch und undankbar],' was a plaint which often escaped Louis XIII. with more justice perhaps, than many have been inclined to believe; and explains the neglect in which Louis suffered his consort to exist, though she wore the crown-matrimonial of France, and was the eldest sister of the most puissant monarch in Christendom." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume 2, id., pp. 32-34/36-37/66). Und was tat der Kardinal Richelieu in dieser Situation, denn wenn der König und die französischen Untertanen vom Verrat der Königin gehört hätten, dann hätte jene sich glücklich nennen können, wenn man sie nur zurück nach Spanien geschickt hätte. Richelieu, den Anna mit allen Mitteln beseitigen bzw. töten wollte - bei allen drei bekannten Versuchen, jenen zu ermorden, war sie verwickelt gewesen - schwieg. Anna hatte den Kardinal Richelieu zu sich rufen lassen. Sie sprachen unter vier Augen. "The Queen than confessed all to Richelieu; showing, according to his statement, marvellous confusion at the deed of perjury which she had committed on the Feast of the Assumption." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume 2, id., p. 40). Nun hatte sie sich nur noch bei ihrem Gatten für ihre Vergehen, die Richelieu für "nennenswert" hielt, zu entschuldigen: "We [Anna] freely, and candidly confess to all the above-mentioned facts, and voluntary declare them to be true. We promise never more to be guilty of like faults; and we engage to live with the King, our very honoured lord and husband, as beseems a person who holds no other interest but the welfare of his royal person, and realm. In witness of which we sign this present with our own hand ... [am 17. August 1637 in Chantilly]." (in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume 2, id., p. 48).
"The Queen [Anna] ever held the lives and fortunes of her friends cheap, when her interest prompted a sacrifice. The King [Ludwig XIII.] was right, when he declared that Anne's disposition was ungrateful, and egotistical."(in: Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume 2, id., p. 66).
Im Jahr 1626 hatte das französische Königspaar zum letzten Mal intimen Verkehr. Erst im Dezember 1637 teilten die beiden, bedingt durch viele Zufälle - stürmisches Wetter, das verhinderte, dass der König nach Versailles entfliehen konnte, und stattdessen mit seiner Gattin im Louvre zu Abend aß - die Liebenswürdigkeit seiner Gattin, die sich sehnlich ein Kind wünschte - die Bitten so vieler seiner wenigen Freunde/Freundinnen, doch für Nachwuchs zu sorgen, damit sein jüngster Bruder Gaston nicht sein Nachfolger auf dem französischen Thron würde - wieder das Ehebett, und die Nation durfte hoffen.
"Der Tod ihres königlichen Gemahls 1643 stellte eine Befreiung für sie dar. Die Königin entwickelte sich allmählich zu einer staatsmännischen Herrscherin. Nach einem Staatsstreich bekam sie die Machtvollkommenheit als Regentin im Namen ihres minderjährigen Sohnes [Ludwig XIV.]. Sie regierte dann ausschließlich im Sinne der Interessen Frankreichs. Trotz aller Hoffnungen entließ sie bald die Stellvertreter der katholischen Partei und die Hochadeligen und berief Kardinal Mazarin, einen gebürtigen Italiener, zum Premierminister. Beide setzten die Politik Richelieus fort. Das bedeutete den Verzicht auf den sofortigen Frieden in Deutschland und in den Niederlanden. Anna führte selbst gegen ihren Bruder, Philipp IV. von Spanien, Krieg und lehnte energisch jeden Ausgleich ab, der auf der Rückgabe Kataloniens und der eroberten Festungen in Flandern hätte beruhen müssen. In den Verhandlungen forderte sie die Annexion des Elsaß für Frankreich, obwohl diese Provinz zum Patrimonialgut der Habsburger gehörte." (in: Die Habsburger: Ein biographisches Lexikon, ebenda, S. 58-59).
Lesetipps: 1. Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume I, London 1864
2. Martha Walker Freer: The Married Life of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XIV., and Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Historical Studies), Volume II, London 1865
3. Martha Walker Freer: The Regency of Anna of Austria, Queen Regnant of France, Mother of Louis XIV. (From numerous unpublished sources), Volume I, London 1866
4. Martha Walker Freer: The Regency of Anna of Austria, Queen Regnant of France, Mother of Louis XIV. (From numerous unpublished sources), Volume II, London 1866
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